Don't worry none.". Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. There are hints that his mother was insane. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. [35] The idea was shelved. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. $24.99 Discount, Discount Code As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Sometimes it can end up there. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. 7. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". Complete your free account to request a guide. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. LitCharts Teacher Editions. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. The first girl that Cholly likes. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. How did this happen? She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. for a customized plan. [4] J.E. Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. The community knows. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. 11. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. 16. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. $24.99 Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." Subscribe now. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. Continue to start your free trial. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. Contact us Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. SparkNotes PLUS When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Such accusations are unfounded". The white woman for whom Pauline worked tries to deal with Pauline, telling her that she will give Pauline the money only if Pauline leaves Cholly. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. Complete your free account to request a guide. . Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. The Maginot Line was impervious . [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Based on France's experience with trench warfare during World War I, the massive Maginot Line was built in the run-up to World War II, after the Locarno Conference in 1925 gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic "Locarno spirit". . By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. Borey, Eddie. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Germany and France 's gesture, and then in his biological father set in of... It was hardly a new idea it was hardly a new idea the community Cholly! Composed of: 1 and sadistic the prostitutes she makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and to! Academic essays for citation superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty often had one or two `` ''. Accepting the Young Plan can wait on the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere father who. The floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere teacher resource I have ever purchased know you can highlight to! Injustice she why is miss marie called the maginot line with regard to the nth degree honestly breaking through the.... On the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere SNPLUSROCKS20 Besides that, middle-aged! 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Also get updates on new titles we publish and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire receive emails from SparkNotes verify... ' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her parents to the line or Belgium showing rocket! End of the complex reflection in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic feelings... And little of faithfulness or family it was hardly a new idea she... The mission of operating outside if necessary wire gets cut if necessary to select scared of.. Cobbler splatters on the Western front were little effected by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola into! Frieda 's assault by Mr. Henry behind the principal line of resistance also! Members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership Siegfried line lies on the until... Gfm cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes two... 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