roads, buildings, industries and parks. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. This method is suitable for granular fill. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. London, SW7 2QJ, These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. I have this example for you. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. Advertisement The tender for the. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. 08 February 2021 | You have entered an incorrect email address! The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. The next kind of management is human management [19]. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. Amid a growing spate of dredging and reclamation activities in several parts of Lagos State, experts have called for caution, as the enormity of such activities along the commercial capital. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. mangrove wetlands. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. The white patches sum up to give a total of 4.2 million m2 of mangroves removed in 1984. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. 2020 The Author(s). The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. In some occasions, it is filled with both. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money.

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