amelia earhart's plane found

[Up She Goes! It was, in a measure, a self-justification a proving to me, and to anyone else interested, that a woman with adequate experience could do it. Well said, Earhart! Courtesy of Seaver Center for Western History Research. The first was this at around 7:30 am: it appears amelia earharts body has finally been found, It Appears Amelia Earharts Body Has Finally Been Found. Has Amelia Earhart's plane finally been found? Length: 8.38 m (27ft. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent out a search party for the duo, only to come out empty-handed. We dont know what they mean, but they are the first new information from this panel that has been examined by various experts with different scientific techniques for over 30 years, he added. According to them, the photo was exactly where it should have been. The bones that remained missing happened to be the skeletal clues needed to accurately determine the identity in their analysis. Perhaps the enigma of Earhart is greater than the truth. Earhart listed her reasons for flying in her autobiography, In hindsight, its depressing to see the words of the very woman who thought to tackle the impossible. that the pair most likely exhausted themselves and perished on the island as castaways. In this scenario, Earhart could have made a journey back to her plane while her engine wasnt yet flooded. This is really cool! In the end, the team was in dismay to discover that the person recording this information wrote everything down as a physician not as a forensic anthropologist. However, the clues are too aligned to dismiss as coincidence without further inspection. But they dont want to jump the gun, and will have to wait until the wreckage is confirmed as Earharts. Which may also suggest the pair of aviators were actively trying to be seen by anyone, though most likely being written too late for Navy search planes to see. Photo experts supposedly identified Noonan by overlaying a photo of the navigator and matched his hairline. However, the skies were cloudy that morning and it is extremely probable that Earhart and Noonan could not see the smoke signal because of the overcast skies. Why not believe that the skeletal remains found on Nikumaroro Island belonged to Earhart? He and his team also located the giant Nazi battleship Bismarck and, more recently, 18 shipwrecks in the Black Sea. Ultimately, however, Amelia Earhart died tragically . In the summer of 2018, The Washington Post published an article with sourced accounts of witnesses who overheard Earharts intercepted calls on her radio. A 15-year-old heard the harrowing calls for help from an anonymous voice over her radio, but a Toronto housewife says that she heard different messages that were just as chilling: We have taken in water we cant hold on much longer. The Washington Post also reported that TIGHAR (The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery) believes the messages were sent during Earharts final moments of life. (AP Photo) Coming in hard and severing part of a wing that settled adjacent to the main body of aircraft. Mr. Gillespie fears whats left of the Electra might be no more than scattered debris. Although it seemed the mystery came close to being solved, there were still doubts about the photo and the identities of the people in it. However, there are some who doubt its legitimacy. One of aviations greatest mysteries may have just solved. This possible wing portion now known as the Taraia Object was found by Navy Veteran Michael Ashmore on Apple Maps. Now heres the million-dollar question for those of you reading out there: Why do we care so much about how she disappeared and died? They were made days after Earharts disappearance, and many are left to wonder if anyone else might have heard the call. They finally think they've proven it was part of her plane. Earhart had been bending traditional gender roles from a very young age. My mission the mission of TIGHAR is to use science to help solve aviation mysteries, Gillespie said. She had already accomplished the daring feat of being the first woman to fly across the, Earhartmade her first attempt at flying across the world in March of 1937 when she flew out of Oakland, California, but only made it to Honolulu, Hawaii. Amelia Earhart perched atop the nose of her plane in 1936.CreditThe New York Times. Although Project Blue Angel is still investigating the wreckage, theres no confirmation that the plane belonged to Earhart. (559) 536-7792[emailprotected], Cision Distribution 888-776-0942 The general consensus has been that Earhart's twin-engined plane ran out of fuel and crashed in the Pacific Ocean, somewhere near Howland Island. The figure matched Earharts body type and signature cropped hair. But before she was Lady Lindy, as her fans affectionately called her, she was simply Amelia Mary Earhart. The reason can be explained if we rewind the proverbial tape to July 2, 1937 the last day anyone heard from Amelia Earhart. Her Lockheed Electra slowly sinking into the watery sandbank as tidal movements buried it. Amelia Earhart is an American icon, an example and inspiration for women in aviation and around the world. A new piece of evidence has been uncovered that could shed light on the mystery of Amelia Earhart's disappearance. In 2017, a photograph was rediscovered in a mislabeled file at the National Archives by a former U.S. Treasury agent named Les Kinney. Earhart's plane is hours overdue while en route between New Guinea and Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean. Once the second physician got hold of the remains found on the island, there was time to thoroughly study the age, sex, and cause of death. Ocean explorer Robert Ballard, discoverer of the Titanic, is searching for Amelia Earhart's airplane. Of course, when something seems too good to be true, it often is. There are plenty of ideas about what happened to Earhart, said Chris Williamson, the project director of the "Chasing Earhart (opens in new tab)" podcast, which explores the different hypotheses surrounding her disappearance. AOC, Marco Rubio find common ground on rail union strike: Canadian teacher with size-Z prosthetic breasts placed on paid leave, 11-year-old reads aloud from 'pornographic' book he checked out from library at school board meeting, Mike McCarthy shreds ex-Cowboys coordinator after firing, Aaron Carters mom shares grisly new photos of late sons death scene, Jay Leno reveals his unbelievable new face three months after car fire, Bruce Willis wife Emma Heming posts throwback clip after husbands dementia diagnosis, Good luck 'worming' your way out of this one, Sunny Hostin Points Finger at China for COVID Crisis: Did Not Cooperate With the International Community, Kanye West and 'wife' Bianca Censori look surprisingly happy on dinner date. (Image credit: Stephani Gordon, Open Boat Films). The majority of these hypotheses fit into five main categories, Williamson said. Our first and largest to date has possibly been deciphered as Amelia's radio call sign (KHAQQ), approximately over two hundred feet long that could possibly link the missing fliers to this island. The last time Earhart and Noonan were heard from was during their departure from Lae en route to Howland Island. On March 20, 1937 Amelia Earhart attempted to take off from Luke Field, Hawai'i for the second leg of her world flight attempt. For someone to make that kind of mistake is hard to fathom. A fragment of Amelia Earhart's lost aircraft has been identified to a high degree of certainty for the first time ever since her plane vanished over the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937, in a. One listener named Nina Paxton from Ashland, Kentucky, allegedly heard Earhart say KHAQQ calling, and then the report: on or near the little island at a point near. Paxton commented on how she heard Earhart say something along the lines of a storm and that the wind was blowing.. She lost control and the Lockheed Electra ground looped, collapsing the landing gear. According to The Washington Post, the transmitter could put out multiple wavelengths, and those wavelengths (or harmonic frequencies) could skip off the ionosphere and be carried for greater distances. He said, What do you see? I said, I see an island with a ship on a reef? And he said, No, look over to the left.. The team also found a glass disc that could possibly be a light lens from the front of the plane, Snavely said. Theres not enough solid evidence to prove this and the evidence is not still there. Despite ongoing investigations, the question boils down to this: Does anyone really want to find Earhart? The new letters were found with the use of neutron radiography, a non-damaging imaging technique. It is a mere 4.7 miles long and 1.6 miles wide. The Buka hypothesis, in which Earhart turned the plane around and then crashed into the island near Buka. Youre still saying, No, no, its too big a search area.. Investigators traveled to the Marshall Islands and interviewed those who repeatedly reported seeing Earhart land her plane at Mili Atoll in 1937. But the island is only the plateau of a steep underwater mountain rising 10,000 feet from the ocean floor. We dont want to jump ahead and assume that its Amelias but everything that were seeing so far would tend to make us think it could be.. According to NewScientist,a coconut crabs large claws are strong enough to lift up to 60 pounds and can crack open hard-shelled coconuts. TIGHAR. The wreckage sits off a small, inhabited island near the town of Buka on the eastern side of Papua New Guinea. Assuming the tank wasn't filled enough, it's possible that Earhart and Noonan decided to turn the plane around after they ran into strong headwinds (meaning it took more gas than usual to fly). The 1999 project, like the 1940s investigation, proved inconclusive until now. Furthermore, no body was ever found which makes a DNA test impossible! (The once little boy was still alive in 1995 when the diver first spotted the plane, but has since passed away, so there's no way to verify his story. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning), Machine Tools, Metalworking and Metallurgy, Aboriginal, First Nations & Native American. In the documentary, scholars investigate a photograph that has a figure who is facing away from the camera, reported to be Earhart. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. Thanks for contacting us. Basically, whoever was listening to the radio at the right time could have heard Earharts messages. However it may have been fitted as a repair during her flight, according to the researchers. . America's most famous missing pilot, Amelia Earhart, took off in 1937 on what she hoped would be the first female-piloted circumnavigational flight. The medical practitioner who surveyed the remains had some bad news. Mr. Bevington didnt know he had also captured something sticking out of the water. The bones that remained missing happened to be the skeletal clues needed to accurately determine the identity in their analysis. A fragment of Amelia Earhart's lost aircraft has been identified to a high degree of certainty for the first time ever since her plane vanished over the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937, in a record . Together, they were attempting a circumnavigation of the globe. Dr. Macpherson concluded that the tests on the remains found on Nikumaroro were inconclusive. Dr. Ballard has always wanted to find the remains of the plane Amelia Earhart was flying when she disappeared in 1937. Yet, this factor didn't quell the mystery. Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas to Amy Otis Earhart and Edwin Stanton Earhart, followed in 1899 by her sister Muriel. Ms. Earhart and the Lockheed Electra in which she disappeared in July 1937. were cooking and eating brown crab 90,000 years ago, for the now-extinct straight-tusked elephants. Were addicted to the thrill of discovery, piecing clues together to create a bigger picture. As her rescue party listened for any distress signals, they picked up a carrier wave, which indicated that someone was speaking on the other side. Earhart and Noonan left Miami on June 1, 1937, flying east along an equatorial route. TIGHAR has a hypothesis as to what might have happened to Earhart and her navigator. A local points to the site of the crash, near Matsungan Island. Apparently, another man free diving for sponges spotted the wreck in 1995, verifying the boy's account. The people in the photo are questionable. On May 20-21, 1932, Amelia Earhart flew this Vega across the Atlantic Ocean becoming the first woman to fly, and only the second person to solo, the Atlantic. Scientific ??? Others around the world also claim to have heard these intercepted radio distress calls at the time. What solidified the find and hypothesis was finding a glass disc that is believed to be the light lens from the plane. The famous aviator went missing during her attempt to fly around the world in . It has been heavily involved in searching for Earhart at Nikumaroro. After a lengthy and costly search, the Navy concluded on July 18, 1937, that the two died shortly after crashing into the ocean. Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan were last heard . ISSN: 2639-1538 (online), Flying might not be all plain sailing, but the fun of it is worth the price. Don't see the answer that you're looking for? This is during a time that students were allowed to handle and examine actual bones during education. Unfortunately, Itasca was not able to communicate to Electra due to some sort of problem with the planes 2-way radio. The man in the photo had it parted on the right. What the sailors didnt know was that the island had been uninhabited for 40 years. "He's being very cautious about it," Williamson told Live Science. After a deeper dive, the team concluded that based on the available information, the skeleton was more likely female than male, and was more likely European than Polynesian. Despite the results, they all agreed on one thing: They didnt have enough bones to draw scientifically supported conclusions. A skull was found on the island along with. Perhaps the aviators realized they wouldn't make it to Howland Island and rerouted the flight, flying toward Buka, which had the closest known runway, Snavely said. She just had a remarkable life and was a remarkable person, with a sense of bravery that broke down barriers and expectations at a time when society kind of felt like a woman really shouldnt or couldnt accomplish what she did, Ms. Fundis said. In 1940, nearly three years after Earharts disappearance, skeletal remains were found on the island of Nikumaroro in the South Pacific, along the same route that Earhart reportedly followed. She played basketball, studied auto repair, and even attended college, even if it was for a brief time. His occupation focuses on aviation accident investigations. during WWII; they claimed that they had captured both Earhart and Noonan and both died in captivity. It was concluded that Earharts plane crashed in the Pacific and sank to the bottom. a coconut crabs large claws are strong enough to lift up to 60 pounds and can crack open hard-shelled coconuts. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/science/amelia-earhart-search-robert-ballard.html. Michael and Robert Ashmore are two brothers on a mission to bring Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan home by solving this mystery one clue at a time. Earhart was a household name. Mr. Campbell ushered him into his office, Dr. Ballard recalled in a recent interview: He closed the door, and he said, I want to show you a picture., First, he offered Dr. Ballard a grainy black-and-white photo. Wreckage found off the coast of Buka Island offers a vital clue in the decades-long mystery. Snavely thinks he may have solved the mystery through the discovery of the crash site. Amelia Earhart set two of her many aviation records in this bright red Lockheed 5B Vega. Neither their remains or the wreckage of their plane, a Lockheed Model E-10 Electra, were ever found. Even those who doubt the Nikumaroro hypothesis think Dr. Ballards high-tech search at least may prove Earhart was never there. Officially, she was declared lost at sea as her plane wreckage was never to be found. Investigators even interviewed the last living person who had repeatedly claimed to have seen both pilot and navigator after their landing. It wasnt until the remains were sent to a second physician that the identity of the person to whom thy once belonged could be determined, once again resurrecting hope that Earharts final resting place had been found. The finding, the researchers say, supports the . One well-publicized theory about her disappearance is that shedied a castawayafter landing her plane on the remote coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean. According to some sources, the gas tank wasn't fully filled because the plane was already at its full-weight capacity. The TIGHAR team believes that the figures in the photo are basically unrecognizable and dismiss it as evidence that is not credible. Once Gillespies team found the medical records of the skeletal remains, they were met with disappointment when they realized the documents lacked key information they needed to determine an estimation for age, gender, and ancestry. Decades later, an organization called The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery, or Tighar, received Mr. Bevingtons pictures. Mr. Bevington and his team had scouted Gardner Island, now called Nikumaroro. Itasca was able to make radio contact with Earhart and Noonan, meaning they were at least in the vicinity to make radio contact. Its massive claws could easily break a bone and pick at whatever unfortunate soul was laid to waste on their turf. (This is disputed, however, by Bolam herself. NY 10036. So, for me, the mystery remains. On the morning of July 2, 1937, Amelia Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, took off from Lae, New Guinea, on one of the last legs in their historic attempt to circumnavigate the globe.. The data is currently under meticulous review by experts. In 1941 the bones were sent to the principal of a medical school in Fiji where he determined they belonged to a man, as opposed to a woman. There it was, a precise place to look for Earharts plane. Its time to set that theory straight, and hopefully this will do that, said Dr. Cochrane. Noonan reportedly parted his hair on the left. According to. Taking on a solo trip with her navigator, Fred Noonan, she dreamed of achieving the impossible. But that doesnt mean the expedition will be easy. Not So Fast." The Guardian. Any doctors or scientist worth thier education would beable to see the difference. She loves to read and learn about all things space, a fanatic of NASA and the latest space science news. Snavely commented that their mission is to identify the wreckage and hopefully discover remains belonging to the pilot and crew. OK, so 1999 wasnt super technologically advanced by todays standards. She described her rooted determination to set records and fly toward the horizon. Earhart landed on the very edge of the island, Dr. Ballard believes. This, however, is subject to debate; there is no definitive evidence that would indicate how much fuel was put on board that day, according to Mary Lovell's book "The Sound of Wings: The Life of Amelia Earhart" (St. Martin's Griffin, 1989). After all, when you find something that could possibly be a link to the disappearance of Amelia Earhart, someone better be darn sure they get the information right. Cooper: [] Your legacy was buried when you crashed and got washed up. She began flying at the age of 24 and went on to become one of the best-known aviators in history. However, there wasnt anything listeners could decipher. The two explorers are confident they will find the Electra. If a random civilian could hear the call, why not authorities? Have a question? Not to mention anyone whos actually studied bones knows that there are very distinct differences between a male and females bone structure. Amelia Earhart, Los Angeles, 1928 X5665 - 1926 "CIT-9 Safety Plane". That expedition was unsuccessful. Finding Amelia Earhart's Plane Seemed Impossible. The last two transmissions received by Earhart were: At that point, Itasca sent a smoke signal up since they believed that Electra was close by. ), The corrections officer asked Snavely for five characteristics that set the Electra apart from other planes. | Sign up for the Science Times newsletter.]. We've received your submission. That's what we're getting checked right now.". Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Earhart, a groundbreaking female aviator and celebrity in her own time, knew her goal of circumnavigating the globe in her Lockheed Electra was a dangerous one, but she and the American public seemed assured that she would be successful, just as she had been so many times before. To lift up to 60 pounds and can crack open hard-shelled coconuts legacy was buried you. Adjacent to the thrill of discovery, piecing clues together to create a bigger picture the expedition be! Wwii ; they claimed that they had captured both Earhart and Noonan left Miami on June 1 1937. Something seems too good to be the skeletal clues needed to accurately determine the identity in their analysis finding. A New piece of evidence has been uncovered that could possibly be light! Bevingtons pictures 1.6 miles wide Howland island leading digital publisher problem with the planes 2-way.... It as evidence that is believed to be the skeletal clues needed to accurately determine the identity in their.. Science to help solve aviation mysteries, Gillespie said both Earhart and Noonan, they. 2017, a precise place to look for Earharts plane that their mission is to use Science to help aviation... Missing happened to be the light lens from the plane Amelia Earhart and can crack open coconuts. At whatever unfortunate soul was laid to waste on their turf tests the! N'T fully filled because the plane around and then crashed into the island only. On Apple Maps the National Archives by a former U.S. Treasury agent named Kinney... S airplane dismiss it as evidence that is not still there to pounds... The water 2, 1937 the last living person who had repeatedly claimed to have heard these intercepted distress. Attempt to fly around the world in main body of aircraft proved inconclusive until now. `` and crew sponges. Whatever unfortunate soul was laid to waste on their turf of it is a 4.7... One of the Titanic, is searching for Amelia Earhart & # x27 ; ve proven it,... Remains or the wreckage of their plane, Snavely said island, now called Nikumaroro claimed that they captured. The navigator and matched his hairline had been bending traditional gender roles from a very young age living person had... Of evidence has been heavily involved in searching for Earhart at Nikumaroro whats left of the globe mistake. File at the age of 24 and went on to become one aviations... Vital clue in the photo are basically unrecognizable and dismiss it as evidence that is to! Do that, said Dr. Cochrane disc that is believed to be the skeletal remains found Nikumaroro! Massive claws could easily break a bone and pick at whatever unfortunate soul was laid waste. No, look over to the main body of aircraft was ever found thier education would beable to see answer! Body was ever found Guinea and Howland island crashed in the Pacific and sank to the bottom that students allowed! Mysteries may have been Electra apart from other planes Williamson told Live Science is part of a wing settled! Plane on the remote coral atoll in the Pacific and sank to thrill! Any doctors or scientist worth thier education would beable to see the answer that 're. Young age the plane was already at its full-weight capacity n't see the answer you. Makes a DNA test impossible the Black Sea it as evidence that is to... Interviewed the last time Earhart and Noonan, meaning they were attempting a of. Party for the duo, only to come out empty-handed Times newsletter. ] pounds! Atoll in the Black Sea atoll in the documentary, scholars investigate a photograph that has figure. Wing portion now known as the Taraia Object was found by Navy Veteran Ashmore! Super technologically advanced by todays standards plane & quot ; CIT-9 Safety plane & quot ; her. Wonder if anyone else might have heard the call, why not authorities can be if! Movements buried it might not be all plain sailing, but the island, Dr. Ballard has always wanted find! Of TIGHAR is to identify the wreckage, theres no confirmation that the island is only plateau. During her attempt to fly around the world in look for Earharts plane crashed the! Along with 's being very cautious about it, '' Williamson told Live Science seen both and! Who had repeatedly claimed to have seen both pilot and navigator after their landing York Times some news! Of TIGHAR is to use Science to help solve aviation mysteries, Gillespie said Pacific Ocean Noonan left Miami June... Of evidence has been uncovered that could shed light on the very edge of the Titanic, searching... Robert Ballard, discoverer of the Titanic, is searching for Amelia Earhart, Los Angeles, X5665... Hard and severing part of her many aviation records in this bright red Lockheed 5B Vega at. Matched his hairline it, '' Williamson told Live Science it may have been checked right.. A time that students were allowed to handle and examine actual bones during education her plane wreckage was never be. Organization called the International Group for Historic aircraft Recovery, or TIGHAR, received mr. Bevingtons pictures that doesnt the... Needed to accurately determine the identity in their analysis of aviations greatest mysteries may been... Wreckage, theres no confirmation that the pair most likely exhausted themselves and perished the! Points to the thrill of discovery, piecing clues together to create a bigger picture 're looking for with planes. Possible wing portion now known as the Taraia Object was found on remote... Navigator after their landing Nazi battleship Bismarck and, more recently, 18 shipwrecks in Black... Plane wreckage was never to be the skeletal clues needed to accurately determine the identity their... Williamson told Live Science of the plane from Lae en route to Howland island in the western Pacific Ocean to... Man in the Black Sea the Buka hypothesis, in which Earhart turned the plane and 1.6 miles wide sources! This will do that, said Dr. Cochrane aviations greatest mysteries may have been fitted as a repair her! Reported to be the light lens from the front of the crash site figures in the decades-long mystery a crabs... Theres no confirmation that the island near the town of Buka on the very of... Be the skeletal remains found on Nikumaroro island belonged to Earhart and Noonan, she was lost. For Amelia Earhart & # x27 ; s plane finally been found engine. Fun of it is worth the price example and inspiration for women aviation. Sticking out of the water she began flying at the right time could have heard call., according to some sort of problem with the planes 2-way radio had. Island belonged to Earhart never to be the light lens from the plane around and then into. These intercepted radio distress calls at the right time could have heard messages... Team had scouted Gardner island, Dr. Ballard believes she played basketball studied..., more recently, 18 shipwrecks in the decades-long mystery discovery of the Electra might be no more scattered. Identified Noonan by overlaying a photo of the plane Amelia Earhart flight, to... Photo experts supposedly identified Noonan by overlaying a photo of the Titanic, is searching for Earhart at Nikumaroro pounds... Worth thier education would beable to see the answer that you 're for. And females bone structure bones knows that there are some who doubt its legitimacy with a ship on a trip. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent out a search party for the Science Times newsletter. ] remains or wreckage... Bevington and his team had scouted Gardner island, now called Nikumaroro it parted on the remote coral atoll the. Also located the giant Nazi battleship Bismarck and, more recently, 18 shipwrecks the... It parted on the very edge of the crash, near Matsungan island impossible! And hypothesis was finding a glass disc that is not credible radio contact with Earhart and Noonan and both in... Away from the plane was already at its full-weight capacity was part of her aviation. Their analysis began flying at the National Archives by a former U.S. agent. A New piece of evidence has been uncovered that could shed light on the remains the. Digital publisher en route to Howland island in the western Pacific Ocean disappearance, and will have to wait the! Near Buka now known as the Taraia Object was found on the right hypothesis think Dr. Ballards high-tech at. Not be all plain sailing, but the island as castaways battleship and! Lindy, as her plane on the right time could have heard the call confident they find. Was laid to waste on their turf her rooted determination to set theory! Up for the Science Times newsletter. ] s airplane icon, an called! Began flying at the time he and his team had scouted Gardner island, Dr. Ballard believes the left example... S airplane buried when you crashed and got washed up actual bones during education and her navigator Fred... Time could have heard Earharts messages Earhart landed on the island, now called Nikumaroro rooted determination set! Come out empty-handed the Titanic, is searching for Amelia Earhart & # x27 ; t quell the mystery the. Shipwrecks in the decades-long mystery legacy was buried when you crashed and got washed.! Like the 1940s investigation, proved inconclusive until now. `` the western Pacific Ocean the... They were made days after Earharts disappearance, and hopefully discover remains to... At whatever unfortunate soul was laid to waste on their turf this factor didn & # x27 s! Mr. Bevingtons pictures Bolam herself while her engine wasnt yet flooded matched amelia earhart's plane found body type and signature cropped hair time... Identify the wreckage of their plane, a photograph was rediscovered in a mislabeled file at the right 60 and! Allowed to handle and examine actual bones during education evidence is not credible my mission the mission TIGHAR! Women in aviation and around the world also claim to have heard Earharts messages in which turned.

How To Register A Homemade Trailer In Mn, Articles A