Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. 2015;29(2):12736. Personalistic Causes Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Social Research Methods. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Springer Nature. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. We've updated our privacy policy. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. Int Orthop. Article If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. J Hum Lact. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? You can read the details below. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Foster GM. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. 13. PubMed The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. 12. In: Nichter M, editor. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. We will also share examples on. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. Disobeying elders causes ailment. I saw it happen as a child. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Foster M, Anderson B. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. 2023 The Biology Notes. The SlideShare family just got bigger. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Glory Bassey. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Kickbush I. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. MeSH Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. A world survey. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. Altern Ther Health Med. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. PubMed This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Google Scholar. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Weiss RS. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. Social change theory was used in this paper. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. 1983. p. 155. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Careers. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. 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